Diagnostic Imaging ofAcute Bowel Pathology
Susan L Summerton, MD
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SUPINE
UPRIGHT
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Dilated Loops ofSmall Bowel
Paucity of BowelGas in Colon
Multiple Air-Fluid Levels atDifferent Levels
Small Bowel Obstruction
SBO Imaging
Plain films
80-90% vs 30-70% accuracy
Do not assess site or cause
CT
90% accuracy in suspected high grade SBO
Identifies site and cause
Most common cause is adhesions
(with or without history of prior abdominal surgery)
Identifies complications
Small-bowel Follow-Through
Problem solving tool
Contrast
Oral – Controversial
-Delays diagnosis
-Aspiration risk
-Intravascular volumedepletion/ electrolyteimbalances
+Differentiates partial fromcomplete SBO
+Accelerates surgicaldecision in a completeSBO
IV
Always use unlesscontraindications
Helpful in diagnosingbowel wall ischemia
Small Bowel Obstruction:CT Findings
Dilated loops of small bowel to atransition point
Multiple air-fluid levels
Progressive dilution of oral contrast
Small bowel feces sign
Whirl Sign
C:\Users\Ryan\Desktop\Desktop Data\Radiology\TEACHING FILES\Bowel\SBO\CT\ser002img00033.jpg
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Small Bowel Feces Sign
Present more frequently inpatients with moderate and highdegrees of SBO
When present, can be used tolocate the transition point in SBO
Lazarus et al.  Frequency and Relevance ofthe “Small-Bowel Feces” Sign on CT inPatients with Small Bowel Obstruction.AJR 2004; 183: 1361-1366
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Whirl Sign
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Duda et al.  Utility of CT whirl sign inguiding management of small bowelobstruction.  AJR 2008; 191: 743-747
sb volvulus ct kub whirl sign 1a
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Whirl Sign
Closed Loop Obstruction
10% of small bowel obstructions
Mortality rate: 10-37%
Complications
Bowel strangulation
Vascular compromise
Ischemia/Infarction
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Closed Loop Small BowelObstruction
Which of the following causes of a smallbowel obstruction can be diagnosed only onCT and not on x-rays?
Audience Question
a)Adhesions
b)Hernia
c)Mass
d)Gallstone ileus
e)Abscess
Which of the following causes of a smallbowel obstruction can be diagnosed only onCT and not on x-rays?
Audience Question
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Causes of Small BowelObstruction
Adhesions – only diagnosed on CT
The adhesive band itself is not visible, butthe finding of abrupt change in caliberwithout other etiology (mass/hernia)implies adhesive band is present
May be visible on x-rays
Hernia
Mass
Intussusception
Gallstone ileus
Abscess/Hematoma
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Dilated Proximal
Small Bowel
CollapsedColon
Collapsed Distal
Small Bowel
C:\Users\Ryan\Desktop\RADIOLOGY\TEACHING FILES\Bowel\SBO classic findings\CT\ser300img00110.jpg
Proximal Dilated
Small Bowel
Distal Collapsed
Small Bowel
Transition Point
SBO - Adhesion
Intussusception
Telescoping of one bowel loop into the lumenof an adjacent bowel loop
Major cause of SBO in children
Usually no lead point in children
Adults often have tumor as lead point
Symptoms
Crampy abdominal pain
Bloody stools
Vomiting
Intussusception: CT Findings
Alternating bands of high & low density
Results from intussuscepted mesenteric fatand mucosal-muscular interfaces
+/- Bowel obstruction
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Do we need to worry about every patientwith intussusception?
33 adult patients with intussusception
29/33 small bowel intussusception: only 6 hadneoplastic lead point
4/33 colon intussusception: all had cancer
Intussusception due to neoplasm:
LONGER: 10.8 cm vs 4 cm long
LARGER: 4 cm vs 3 cm
More likely to obstruct: 50% vs 4.3%
Warshauer, DM et al. Adult Intussusception Detected at CT or MR Imaging:Clinical-Imaging Correlation. Radiology. 1999;212:853-860
Jejunal mucinousadenocarcinoma
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Dilated loops of smallbowel proximal
Small bowel feces sign
SBO
Paraumbilical
Hernia
Decompressed loops
of small bowel distal
SB protrudingthrough abd wall
Bowel Perforation
Small amounts of localized air
Diverticulitis
Appendicitis
Cancer
Large amounts of air
Perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer
Retroperitoneal air
Perforated duodenum
Strong predictors of the site ofbowel perforation
Focal defect in the bowel wall
Concentration of extraluminal gas orcontrast adjacent to the bowel wall
Segmental bowel wall thickening
Hainaux B et al. Accuracy of MDCT in Predicting Site ofGastrointestinal Tract Perforation.  AJR 2006: 1179-1183
C:\Users\Ryan\Desktop\Desktop Data\Radiology\TEACHING FILES\Bowel\Perforated duodenal ulcer\CT axial 1.jpg
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Perforated Duodenal Ulcer
Site of Perforation
Highest Density
Extraluminal Contrast
High Density
Perihepatic Fluid
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Retroperitoneal air due to duodenal perforation
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Gastric Ulcer
Gastric Wall Thickening
Gastric Ulcer along the LesserCurvature
C:\Users\Ryan\Desktop\Radiology\Penn Cases\GI\gastric ulcer\ct\img009.jpg
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Colitis
Infectious
Pseudomembranous colitis
Inflammatory
Crohn’s
Ulcerative colitis
Ischemic
Diverticulitis
Colitis
CT of abdomen and pelvis with oral andintravenous contrast
Findings are most often nonspecific
Certain patterns/features on CT canhelp narrow the differential diagnosis
Clinical and laboratory data
Colonoscopy and biopsy
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Colonic wall thickening
Radiation Proctitis
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Target Sign
Alternating bands of density in bowel wall
Nonspecific/implies acute benign process
Ischemia/ inflammatory/ infectious
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Clostridium difficile
Antibiotic use; Chemo
Thumbprinting
Accordion sign
Ascites
Often most severe degree ofwall thickening of colitides
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Crohn’s Disease
Clinical manifestations
Abdominal pain and diarrhea
Weight loss and fever
Bowel involvement
Mouth to anus
Small bowel: terminal ileum most common
Small and large bowel – 50%
Large bowel only – 20%
Crohn’s Disease
Complications
Bowel obstruction caused by strictures
Fistulae
enterocutaneous
enterovesical
enterovaginal
Perforation with sinus tracts
Which of the following studies in evaluating forCrohn’s disease exposes your patient to the leastamount of radiation?
Audience Question
a)CT Enterography
b)MR Enterography
c)Small bowel follow through
d)Barium enema
e)Plain radiographs of theabdomen
Which of the following studies in evaluating forCrohn’s disease exposes your patient to the leastamount of radiation?
Audience Question
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Role of Imaging
Diagnosis
Clinical, lab, histology
Identify location andseverity
Complications
Following disease activity
Monitoring therapy
Routine CT
SBFT
Enteroclysis
CT or MR
Enterography
Crohn’s Disease
Reprinted with permission of the American College of Radiology. No otherrepresentation of this material is authorized without expressed, writtenpermission from the American College of Radiology.
Crohn’s Disease: CT Findings
Wall thickening with contrast enhancement
Continuous or segmental  (Skip lesions)
Narrowed lumen (String sign)
Increased fat around affected segments ofbowel (Creeping fat)
Separation of bowel loops (Proud loop)
Engorged mesenteric vessels (Comb sign)
Complications: fistulae, abscesses
Crohn’s Disease
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String sign
CT Findings
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Creeping fat
Abscess
Engorged vasa recta
“comb sign”
Crohn’s Disease
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Inflamed bowel
Thick walled
Submucosal enhancement
Normal
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Left sided or diffuse
Rectum involved
Continuous
Backwash ileitis (dilated)
No fistulae
+ Strictures
+ Abscess
Crohn’s
Right sided or diffuse
Rectum often not involved
Discontinuous
String sign (narrowed)
+ Fistulae
+ Strictures
+ Abscess
Ischemic Colitis
Older patients
Causes
Arterial occlusion
Venous occlusion
Non-occlusive (lower perfusion states)
Distribution – “Watershed areas”
distal transverse colon (Griffith’s point)
distal descending colon (Sudeck’s point)
Ischemic Colitis
CT angiogram of the abdomen andpelvis utilizing three phases
Unenhanced
Arterial
Venous
Most specific sign of bowel ischemia
Non-enhancement of the bowel wall afteradministration of intravenous contrast
Pneumatosis Intestinalis
High specificity for bowel infarction
Intraluminal gas dissects throughdisrupted mucosa
Translocation of bacteria - sepsis
Gas can progress into
mesenteric veins
SMV
portal veins
C:\Users\Ryan\Desktop\Desktop Data\Radiology\TEACHING FILES\Bowel\ischemic bowel and extensive pneumotosis\ct axial 2.jpg
Colonic Diverticulitis
Outpouchings of colonic mucosa/submucosa that become obstructed
Most common: descending/sigmoid colon
Clinical:
LLQ pain
elevated WBC
fever
+/- bleeding
Reprinted with permission of the American College of Radiology. No otherrepresentation of this material is authorized without expressed, writtenpermission from the American College of Radiology.
Diverticulitis: CT Findings
Colonic wall thickening inpresence of diverticula
Pericolonic fat stranding
Phlegmon, extraluminal gas,abscess, and dependent freefluid
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Complications of Diverticulitis
Perforation
Abscess
Bowel obstruction
Fistula formation
Septic thrombophlebitis
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Complications of Diverticulitis
Perforation and Abscess Formation
Locules of Free Air
Colovesicalfistulae
Acute LowerGastrointestinal Bleeding(LGIB)
Most Common Causes of LGIB
Diverticular disease (20-55%)
Angiodysplasia (3-40%)
Neoplasms (8-26%)
Colitis (6-22%)
Benign anorectal lesions (9-10%)
Imaging Options
Nuclear Medicine GI Bleed Study (0.1 mL/min)
CT Angiography GI Bleed Study (0.3 mL/min)
Conventional Angiography (0.5 mL/min)
Colonoscopy
Surgery
CT: Advantages
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CT
Sensitivity: 79-91%
Specificity: 50-99%
Diagnostic accuracy: 74-98%
CT: Limitations
Renal failure
Prior contrast reaction
Residual oral contrast in bowel
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Residual Contrast
Nuclear Medicine: Advantages
Image over time
Can use if IV contrast allergy
Can use with elevated GFR
Active arterial or venous bleeding ratesas low as 0.1 mL/min
93% sensitive
95% specific
Nuclear Medicine: Limitations
Limited resolution
Limited availability
Length of time required to perform study
CT of Acute LGIB
No oral contrast
Scout – radiologist checks beforeproceeding with rest of study
Low dose non contrast Abd & Pelvis
Arterial Phase Abd & Pelvis
  100-150 cc Optiray 320 at 4 cc/sec
Venous: Abd & Pelvis -70 sec delay
Diagnosis of Bleeding
High attenuation material detected within bowellumen at CTA, not present at unenhanced CTperformed immediately prior (Laing et al)
Linear, jetlike, pooled or swirled or ellipsoid focalcollection of arterial density contrast materialwithin bowel lumen (Tew et al)
1.Tew K, Davies RP, Jadun CK, Kew, J.  MDCT of Acute LowerGastrointestinal Bleeding.  AJR 2004; 182: 427-430.
2.Laing CF, Tobia T, Rosenblum DI et al.  Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding:Emerging Role of Multidetector CT Angiography and Review of CurrentImaging Techniques.  Radiographics 2007; 27: 1055-1070.
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Coronal
SagittalCecum
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Catheter Angiography
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References
1.Small Bowel Obstruction: What to Look For: AC Silva, M Pimenta, LSGuimaraes, RadioGraphics 2009; 29: 423-39.
2.Utility of CT whirl sign in guiding management of small bowelobstruction. Duda et al.  AJR 2008; 191: 743-747
3.Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Emerging Role of Multidetector CTAngiography and Review of Current Imaging Techniques. Laing CF,Tobia T, Rosenblum DI et al. Radiographics 2007; 27: 1055-1070.
4.Detection of active gastrointestinal hemorrhage with CT angiography: a4(1/2)-year retrospective review. Kennedy DW, Laing CJ, Tseng LH,Roseblum DI, Tamarkin SW. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21(6): 848-855.
5.CT Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia from Various Causes.  AFurukawa, S Kanasaki, et al. American Journal of Roentgenology.2009;192: 408-416.